What is MND?

Motor neurone disease (MND) is a condition where the nerve cells that control muscles—called motor neurones—gradually stop working and die. These nerves carry messages from the brain to the muscles that help us move, speak, breathe, and swallow. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor neurones, which carry signals from the brain to the spinal cord, and lower motor neurones, which carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles. MND can affect either or both types, causing muscles to weaken and waste over time. 

MND occurs at similar rates worldwide, with over 2,000 people currently affected in Australia. It is slightly more common in men and usually diagnosed between ages 50 and 60.

Symptoms

MND targets the voluntary muscles, causing growing challenges with speech, movement, breathing, and swallowing. As the motor nerves break down, they can no longer send signals to the muscles, leading to weakness, stiffness, and muscle wasting. This often results in pain and discomfort that may affect sleep and overall quality of life. 

Early symptoms of motor neurone disease are often mild. They may include:

• Stumbling due to weakness of the leg muscles.
• Difficulty holding objects due to weakness of the hand muscles.
• Slurring of speech or swallowing difficulties due to weakness of the tongue and throat muscles.
• Cramps and muscle twitching (fasciculation).

The senses—such as touch, sight, and hearing—and bladder function are typically not directly affected, though some changes may still occur. MND is a progressive condition, and its symptoms worsen over time, though the speed and pattern of progression can differ widely from person to person.

How physiotherapy can help

Physiotherapy in Motor Neurone Disease (MND) aims to maintain mobility, manage symptoms, and improve quality of life. Since MND causes muscle weakness and stiffness, physiotherapists design gentle exercises to preserve muscle strength and flexibility, prevent joint stiffness, and reduce discomfort.

They also focus on improving balance and safety by recommending walking aids and safe movement strategies to reduce fall risk. Respiratory support is another important aspect, with breathing exercises and techniques to help clear mucus and support lung function.

Physiotherapists work closely with patients and caregivers to provide education on posture, body mechanics, and the use of assistive devices like wheelchairs or splints. As MND progresses, treatment plans are regularly adjusted to meet changing needs, always aiming to maximize independence and comfort.